HCS-Fuzzy Torque-Based MPPT Control for a PMSG Wind Energy Conversion System under Transients Conditioned by a Real Database

Abstract

The power delivered by a variable-speed wind turbine changes with wind speed and rotor operating conditions. Therefore, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) adjusts the electrical loading of the generator in real time to capture the greatest possible amount of energy. MPPT methods include indirect strategies, which require prior turbine information, direct methods based on measured signals, and intelligent or hybrid strategies intended to improve transient response. Direct methods do not require an exact aerodynamic curve of the turbine; however, they retain a trade-off between tracking speed and oscillation around the maximum power point. This work proposes a hybrid electromagnetic-torque MPPT controller with a direct-search base for a wind energy system with a permanent-magnet synchronous generator (PMSG). The method retains hill-climb search (HCS) as the base action and adds a temporary correction through a fuzzy inference system (FIS) when wind-speed variation indicates a rapid transient. The correction is bounded and temporarily blocked during abrupt power drops when its activation conditions are satisfied. The controller was compared with perturb-and-observe (P&O), HCS, and a fuzzy controller using the same 1.5 MW plant, operating limits, and ten transient profiles constructed from a meteorological wind time series. Net electrical energy, including negative-power intervals, was used as the comparison metric. The hybrid controller improved the aggregate energy result by 99.66% over P&O, 39.73% over HCS, and 35.17% over the fuzzy controller. Although it did not achieve the best result in every profile, it delivered the highest energy balance across the evaluated set.